Iranian Journal of Ergonomics

Introduction: Lack of attention to the ergonomic measures and standards in making PowerPoint slides can result in visual fatigue, less attention to the content of the lecture and lower quality of training. This study aimed to identify the most popular Persian fonts and font sizes used by students in making PowerPoint slides and to investigate the students' subjective perception of the three features of legibility, formality and attractiveness of these fonts.

Materials and Methods: At first, five most widely used Persian fonts in providing PowerPoint slides were identified in 84 students from Tehran University of Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences. Then, ten slides were prepared containing simple and familiar sentences based on the five popular fonts and two Different font sizes (24 and 28). Afterwards.40 college students evaluated the eligibility, formality and attractiveness of the fonts and font sizes used in each slide by a seven-item Likert scale. 

Results: One-way ANOVA Revealed significant differences between the students' subjective perception of legibility, formality and attractiveness of the fonts used in the slides. In terms of eligibility and attractiveness, slide 10 (B Titr, 28) was top rated and slide 4 (lotus, 24) was ranked as lowest by the participants. In terms of eligibility and attractiveness, slide 10 (B Titr, 28) was top rated and slide 4 (lotus, 24) was ranked as lowest by the participants.

Background and Objectives: Accurate measurement of the employees’ satisfaction with their office chairs can provide valid feedback on the chair design quality for the manufacturers and researchers. This study aims to design a valid and psychometrically evaluated questionnaire for measuring satisfaction with office chairs.
Methods: Through studying the two main documents about chair ergonomics including Iranian office chair standard No. 11388-1 and a valid Persian questionnaire on satisfaction with educational chairs (Mirmohammadi et al.), the initial 39-item office chair satisfaction questionnaire has been developed. Then face and content validity of the questionnaire have been checked out using qualitative and quantitative approach. Quantitative face validity was analyzed using impact score method. Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR) have been used for quantitative content validity analysis. In order to analyze the questionnaire’s reliability, two methods including the internal consistency and constancy have been applied. To measure the internal consistency, α-Cronbach (alpha coefficient) and to evaluate constancy (test-retest) have been employed. Also, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was utilized for specifying its sensitivity, specificity, and cut-off point. The data was analyzed by SPSS 21 and Stata V.14
Results: Mean (CVR) and (CVI) of final questionnaire have been calculated as 0.93 and 0.95, respectively. Questionnaire’s α-Cronbach coefficient has been gained 0.8. Kappa coefficient (for inter-rater agreement) has showed high score (0.91) in the test-retest results, indicating high correlation and good constancy of the questionnaire. In the ROC, the cut-off point was reported as 75.5 with the sensitivity and specificity of 86.2 and 100, respectively, and area under the ROC curve at this cut-off point was 0.96.
Conclusion: The final 34-item questionnaire has exhibited acceptable reliability and validity for measuring satisfaction level of office chairs.
 

Background and Objectives: There are various models of socket wrench in the market varying in the length and diameter of handle and weight. Each of these features alone can modify the force applied by the hand and affect how comfortable the user is. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between dimensional properties and weight of several models of socket wrench with their usability index score.  
Methods: 58 male technicians from maintenance units of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences performed the task of opening 12 bolts with 8 N/m of torque using 6 models of socket wrench with different physical properties. The sample size was selected based on proposed figures for usability studies.  The System Usability Index (SUS) validated questionnaire was used to determine the usability score of each model after the experiment. The study was conducted in 2017. SPSS 21 was used for data analysis.
Results: The results showed that there was a significant relationship between usability index score and dimensional properties and weight of wrenches (P<0.001). Wrench models with longer handle and diameter size close to optimum range of diameter of hand tools for male users had a higher usability score, and participants reported a better test experience with these models.
Conclusion: Using the System Usability Index (SUS Questionnaire) to measure the quality of human-centered design of hand tools is a good way to evaluate and select the hand tools that are widely used by technical staff. The results of this study are valid for short-term applications of wrenches. However, for long time activities, epidemiological and physiological evidences such as EMG should also be used.

Background and Objectives: Nursing errors are a serious threat to patient safety, which can lead to increased public concern and distrust of recipients of health care services and refusal to undergo treatment. Therefore, the present study examines types of causes of nurses' errors, reasons for not reporting them and ways to reduce errors.
Methods: The present study was a narrative review study of English and Persian articles on nurses' errors in the period (2008-2018) and was done in 2019. Articles were searched in three internal databases such as SID, Magiran and Iran Medex and five external databases of Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Springer.
Results: Most nursing errors were in the form of functional errors. Risk factors were divided into nurse, organization, ward, and patient-related error factors. The reasons for nurses' failure to report errors include professional reputation and legal problems. Error reduction strategies are such as nursing education and management controls.
Conclusion: Nursing errors have been studied in various ways. These studies are not only aimed at identifying nurses' errors, but also to enhance knowledge and knowledge about the possible causes and preventive factors. The benefits of this view of the articles lead to the provision of appropriate health care services, proper planning for hospitals by managers, and the advancement of nursing education. However, fewer studies have used modern methods of hazard identification.